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To accommodate the scenario where an older profile would overwrite a newer server profile due to Windows XP's Fast Logon feature, Windows XP ensures in such a situation that the user registry hive is copied from the server to the local profile. Deletion of profiles marked for deletion at the next logoff does not fail for locked profiles. For workgroup computers, Windows XP no longer deletes the profiles of users belonging to the Guests group. Windows XP includes some changes to the behavior of Offline Files.
Shared folders from DFS namespaces can be made available offline. Beginning with Windows XP, folders redirected to the network are automatically made available offline using Offline Files , although this can optionally be disabled through Group Policy. For older Windows NT 4. In Windows XP, System Restore is configurable per volume and the data stores are also stored per volume. A Disk Cleanup handler allows deleting all but the most recent Restore Point.
System Restore supports Group Policy. Automated System Recovery is a feature that provides the ability to save and restore Windows and installed applications, the system state , and critical boot and system files from a special backup instead of a plain reinstall. A common issue in previous versions of Windows was that users frequently suffered from DLL hell , where more than one version of the same dynamically linked library DLL was installed on the computer.
As software relies on DLLs, using the wrong version could result in non-functional applications, or worse. These operating systems allowed loading a private version of the DLL if it was placed in the application's folder by the developer, instead of the system directory and must be registered properly with the system. The technology keeps multiple digitally signed versions of a shared DLL in a centralized WinSxS folder and runs them on demand to the appropriate application keeping applications isolated from each other and not using common dependencies.
Manifests and the assembly version number are used by the OS loader to determine the correct binding of assembly versions to applications instead of globally registering these components. Instead, the metadata and CLSIDs of the classes implemented in the component are declared in an assembly manifest described using XML , stored either as a resource in the executable or as a separate file installed with the component.
During application loading, the Windows loader searches for the manifest. Only if the lookup fails is the registry scanned. Windows Error Reporting collects and offers to send post-error debug information a memory dump using the internet to the developer of an application that crashes or stops responding on a user's desktop. No data is sent without the user's consent. When a dump or other error signature information reaches the Microsoft server, it is analyzed and a solution is sent back to the user if one is available.
Windows Error Reporting runs as a Windows service and can optionally be entirely disabled. Software and hardware manufacturers may access their error reports using Microsoft's Winqual program.
This allows distributing solutions as well as collecting extra information from customers such as reproducing the steps they took before the crash and providing them with support links. On old versions of Windows, when users upgrade a device driver, there is a chance the new driver is less stable, efficient or functional than the original. Reinstalling the old driver can be a major hassle and to avoid this quandary, Windows XP keeps a copy of an old driver when a new version is installed.
If the new driver has problems, the user can return to the previous version. This feature does not work with printer drivers. As Windows XP merged the consumer and enterprise versions of Windows, it needed to support applications developed for the popular and consumer-oriented Windows 9x platform on the Windows NT kernel.
Microsoft addressed this by improving compatibility with application-specific tweaks and shims and by providing tools such as the Application Compatibility Toolkit AppCompat or ACT [58] to allow users to apply and automate these tweaks and shims on their own applications. Windows Movie Maker 2 introduced numerous new transitions, effects, titles and credits, a task pane, resizable preview window with dimensions, improved capture and export options, an AutoMovie feature, saving the final video back to tape and custom WMV export profiles.
Windows XP includes advances in Broadcast Driver Architecture for receiving and capturing analog and digital TV broadcasts complete with signal demodulation, tuning, software de-multiplexing, electronic program guide store, IP data broadcasting etc. VMR-7 can mix multiple streams and graphics with alpha blending, allowing applications to draw text such as closed captions and graphics such as channel logos or UI buttons over the video without flickering, and support compositing to implement custom effects and transitions.
VMR-7 features a "windowless mode" for applications to easily host video playback within any window and a "renderless playback mode" for applications to access the composited image before it is rendered. DirectShow 8 includes AVStream , a multimedia class driver for video-only and audio-video kernel streaming.
The Scanner and Camera Wizard based on Windows Image Acquisition and other common dialogs for WIA devices have been improved in Windows XP to show the media information and metadata, rotate images as necessary, categorize them into subfolders, capture images and video in case of a still or video camera, crop and scan images to a single or multi-page TIFF in case of a scanner.
The Picture Transfer Protocol PTP implementation has been updated to support all mandatory and optional commands in the PTP standard, and object tree support which allows secondary files associated with a parent file to be grouped and transferred concurrently.
Windows XP includes technology from Roxio which allows users to directly burn files to a compact disc through Windows Explorer. Previously, end users had to install CD burning software. Windows XP's CD burning support does not do disk-to-disk copying or disk images , although the API can be used programmatically to do these tasks.
Audio CDs are burnt using track-at-once mode. WSF has been introduced besides. VBS and. JS which can store in an XML node in the same file, extra information besides script code, such as digital signature blocks, runtime directives or instructions to import external code. The WshShell object now supports a 'CurrentDirectory' read-write method.
Scripts can now be digitally signed as well as verified programmatically using the Scripting. Signer object in a script itself, provided a valid certificate is present on the system. WSH can thus decide whether or not to execute the script after verification. The signature block is stored in a commented section in the script file for backward compatibility with older WSH versions.
By using Software Restriction Policies supported in Windows XP and later, a system may also be configured to execute only those scripts which have been digitally signed, thus preventing the execution of untrusted scripts. Local scripts can also run on a remote machine with the new WScript. The remote script can be monitored by using the Status property. WSH 5. In earlier versions of Windows Script, to use arguments, one had to access the WshArguments collection object which could not be created externally and required that the person running the script know the order of the arguments, and their syntax and values.
Named arguments are grouped in the Named collection object and have the usual methods like Item, Count, Length as well as an Exists method. Password COM automation object, implemented in the scriptpw. It is built on Terminal Services technology RDP , and is similar to "Remote Assistance", but allows remote users to access local resources such as printers.
There are several resources that users can redirect from the remote server machine to the local client, depending upon the capabilities of the client software used. For instance, "File System Redirection" allows users to use their local files on a remote desktop within the terminal session, while "Printer Redirection" allows users to use their local printer within the terminal session as they would with a locally or network shared printer.
The clipboard can also be shared between the remote computer and the local computer. Remote Assistance allows sending invitations to the support person by email, Windows Messenger or saving the invitation as a file. The computer can be controlled by both, the support person connecting remotely as well as the one sending the invitation. Chat, audio-video conversations and file transfer are available. Windows XP introduces Fast User Switching [96] and a more end user friendly Welcome Screen with a user account picture which replaces the Classic logon prompt.
Fast user switching allows another user to log in and use the system without having to log out the previous user and quit his or her applications. Previously on both Windows Me and Windows only one user at a time could be logged in except through Terminal Services , which was a serious drawback to multi-user activity.
Fast User Switching, like Terminal Services, requires more system resources than having only a single user logged in at a time and although more than one user can be logged in, only one user can be actively using their account at a time.
This feature is not available when the Welcome Screen is turned off, such as when joined to a Windows Server Domain or with Novell Client installed. Windows Installer 2. Windows Disk Defragmenter was updated to alleviate several restrictions.
The defragmenter supports NTFS volumes with cluster sizes larger than 4 kilobytes. A command-line tool, defrag. Users who are members of the Power Users group can schedule defragmentation. It has been updated to display process names longer than 15 characters in length on the Processes tab, which used to be truncated in Windows The Delete key can also be used to terminate processes on the Processes tab.
A new Networking tab shows statistics relating to each of the network adapters present in the computer. By default the adapter name, percentage of network utilization, link speed and state of the network adapter are shown, along with a chart of recent activity. More options can be shown by choosing Select columns The Users tab shows all users that currently have a session on the computer.
On server computers there may be several users connected to the computer using Terminal Services. There may also be multiple users logged onto the computer at one time using Fast User Switching.
Users can be disconnected or logged off from this tab. Holding down Ctrl while clicking New Task opens a command prompt. User -type certificates can be auto-enrolled and renewed. Root CA certificates now also auto-update via Microsoft Update.
Windows XP can enroll version 2 certificate templates which have many configurable attributes. There are also numerous improvements to certificate status checking, chain building and revocation checking, path validation and discovery. Windows XP includes several Encrypting File System improvements [] The most notable improvement is that multiple user accounts can share access to encrypted files on a file-by-file basis.
A Details button in the Advanced file attributes dialog in the file's properties allows adding or removing additional users who can access the EFS-encrypted file, and viewing the certificate thumbprint and the Data Recovery Agent account. EFS certificates are autoenrolled in the CA and there is support for revocation checking on certificates used when sharing encrypted files. Unlike Windows , there is no default local Data Recovery Agent and no requirement to have one, although a self-signed certificate for the recovery agent can be generated using cipher.
Windows XP can also encrypt files on a remote server with NTFS if the server is trusted for delegation in Active Directory and the user's certificate and private key are loaded in the local profile on the server. If a roaming user profile is used, it will be copied locally.
The command line utilities cipher , copy and xcopy have been updated in Windows XP. For faster cache validation, the time for how long the user session key and certificate chain are cached can be adjusted.
This disk can be used to reset the password using the Password Reset Wizard from the logon screen. The user's RSA private key is backed up using an offline public key whose matching private key is stored in one of two places: the password reset disk if the computer is not a member of a domain or in Active Directory if it is a member of a domain.
An attacker who can authenticate to Windows XP as LocalSystem still does not have access to a decryption key stored on the PC's hard drive. If the user changes the password back to the original password, EFS encrypted files can be recovered. Windows XP prompts for credentials upon authentication errors and allows saving those that use Integrated Windows Authentication to a secure roaming keyring store protected by the Data Protection API.
Saved credentials can be managed from the Stored User Names and Passwords item in the User accounts control panel. If a certificate authority is present, then users can a select an X. When that same resource is accessed again, the saved credentials will be used. Windows XP introduces Software Restriction Policies and the Safer API [] [] By use of Software Restriction Policies, a system may be configured to execute or install only those applications and scripts which have been digitally signed or have a certain trust level, thus preventing the execution of untrusted programs and scripts.
Administrators can define a default rule using the Local Security Policy snap-in, and exceptions to that rule. The types of rules include: Hash Rule , Path Rule , Certificate Rule and Zone Rule which identify a file by its hash, path, software publisher's certificate or Internet Explorer-zone respectively. For example, an ActiveX control can be restricted to run only for a particular domain by specifying a certificate rule-based software restriction policy.
Windows wireless support did not support seamless roaming and auto-configuration. Windows XP's Wireless Zero Configuration service supports automatic wireless network configuration with re-authentication when necessary thus providing seamless roaming capability and setting the preferred order of connections. In the absence of a wireless access point, Windows XP can set up an ad hoc wireless network.
It has a Quality of Service Packet Scheduler component. Internet Connection Sharing also includes a local DNS resolver in Windows XP to provide name resolution for all network clients on the home network, including non-Windows-based network devices. When multiple applications are accessing the internet simultaneously without any QoS and the connection isn't fast enough, the TCP receive window size is set to the full window of data in transit that the first application uses in the connection until a steady state is reached.
Subsequent connections made by other applications will take much longer to reach an optimal window size and the transmission rate of the second or third application will always be lower than that of the application that established the connection first.
On such slow links, the QoS component in Windows XP automatically enables a Deficit round robin scheduling scheme, which creates a separate queue for each application and services these queues in a round-robin fashion. IPv6 has to be installed and configured from the command line using the netsh interface ipv6 context as there is no GUI support.
After the network interface's link-local address is assigned, stateless autoconfiguration for local and global addresses can be performed by Windows XP. Static IPv6 addresses can be assigned if there is no IPv6 router on the local link. Transition mechanisms such as manually configured tunnels and 6to4 can be set up. Privacy extensions are enabled and used by default. Teredo also helps traverse cone and restricted NATs. Teredo host-specific relay is enabled when a global IPv6 address has been assigned, otherwise Teredo client functionality is enabled.
An open source DHCPv6 implementation called Dibbler is available, [] although stateless autoconfiguration largely makes it unnecessary. Windows XP includes the Background Intelligent Transfer Service, a Windows service that facilitates prioritized, throttled, and asynchronous transfer of files between machines using idle network bandwidth.
BITS constantly monitors network traffic for any increase or decrease in network traffic and throttles its own transfers to ensure that other foreground applications such as a web browser get the bandwidth they need. BITS also supports resuming transfers in case of disruptions. BITS version 1. From version 1. Windows XP components such as Windows Update use BITS to download updates so only idle bandwidth is used to download updates and downloading can be resumed in case network connectivity is interrupted.
BITS uses a queue to manage file transfers and downloads files on behalf of requesting applications asynchronously, i. The transfer will continue in the background as long as the network connection is there and the job owner is logged in. If a network application begins to consume more bandwidth, BITS decreases its transfer rate to preserve the user's interactive experience, except for Foreground priority downloads.
Windows XP has a Fax Console to manage incoming, outgoing and archived faxes and settings. The Fax Monitor only appears in the notification area when a fax transmission or reception is in progress. If manual reception of faxes is enabled, it appears upon an incoming fax call. It operates over IPv6. PNRP : This provides dynamic name publication and resolution of names to endpoints.
PNRP is a distributed name resolution protocol allowing Internet hosts to publish "peer names" and corresponding IPv6 addresses and optionally other information. Other hosts can then resolve the peer name, retrieve the corresponding addresses and other information, and establish peer-to-peer connections. With PNRP, peer names are composed of an "authority" and a "qualifier". The authority is identified by a secure hash of an associated public key , or by a place-holder the number zero if the peer name is "unsecured".
The qualifier is a string , allowing an authority to have different peer names for different services. If a peer name is secure, the PNRP name records are signed by the publishing authority, and can be verified using its public key.
Unsecured peer names can be published by anybody, without possible verification. Multiple entities can publish the same peer name. For example, if a peer name is associated with a group, any group member can publish addresses for the peer name. Starting with Windows , [6] "NT" was removed from the product name and is only included in the product version string along with several low-level places within the system. NT was the first purely bit version of Windows, whereas its consumer-oriented counterparts, Windows 3.
It is a multi-architecture operating system. One of the main purposes of NT is hardware and software portability. NT has supported per-object file, function, and role access control lists allowing a rich set of security permissions to be applied to systems and services. Windows NT 3. Its companion product, Windows 3. The full preemptive multitasking kernel could interrupt running tasks to schedule other tasks, without relying on user programs to voluntarily give up control of the CPU, as in Windows 3.
Notably, in Windows NT 3. In Windows NT 4, the video, server, and printer spooler subsystems were moved into kernel mode. Windows NT also allows for other installable file systems; since versions 3.
Windows NT introduced its own driver model, the Windows NT driver model, and is incompatible with older driver frameworks.
Windows 3. This decision caused tension between Microsoft and IBM and the collaboration ultimately fell apart. Like VMS, [23] Windows NT's kernel mode code distinguishes between the "kernel", whose primary purpose is to implement processor- and architecture-dependent functions, and the "executive". This was designed as a modified microkernel , as the Windows NT kernel was influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, [25] but does not meet all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.
Both the kernel and the executive are linked together into the single loaded module ntoskrnl. Routines from each are directly accessible, as for example from kernel-mode device drivers. Windows NT was one of the earliest operating systems to use Unicode internally. Windows NT 4. The first release was given version number 3.
Also the Novell IPX protocol was apparently licensed only to 3. The NT version number is not now generally used for marketing purposes, but is still used internally, and said to reflect the degree of changes to the core of the operating system. Starting with Windows 8. If an application is not manifested for Windows 8.
Assembly language is avoided where possible because it would impede portability. In order to prevent Intel x86 -specific code from slipping into the operating system by developers used to developing on x86 chips, Windows NT 3.
Both systems were designed internally at Microsoft. Only two of the Windows NT 4. All of the other ports done by third parties Motorola, Intergraph, etc. Microsoft demonstrated a preliminary version of Windows version 6. According to Microsoft, it is a common misconception that the Xbox and Xbox use a modified Windows kernel. In reality, the Xbox operating system was built from scratch but implements a subset of Windows APIs.
Windows 11 is the first non-server version of Windows NT to not support bit platforms. The minimum hardware specification required to run each release of the professional workstation version of Windows NT has been fairly slow-moving until the 6. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Microsoft computer operating system family. This article is about the family of operating system versions by Microsoft.
For the version released in , see Windows NT 4. For the 3. Closed-source Source-available through Shared Source Initiative. See also: List of Microsoft Windows versions. Retrieved January 4, Microsoft Support. August 9, Windows Insider Blog. July 28, August 10, October 27, VersionString Property". Retrieved November 10, Show Stopper!
Free Press. ISBN American history. Retrieved March 17, Win super site. Archived from the original on May 26, Quick and easy to achieve top results - try it out now. We aim to provide our customers with high-quality, reliable and user-friendly software solutions without compromising on innovation and state-of-the-art technology.
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